MzScheme version 4.0 is different from previous versions of MzScheme
in several significant ways. For advice on how to upgrade, see
"Porting Advice" below, but we start with an enumeration of major
changes:
- The documentation has been re-organized and re-written. Instead of
just reference manuals that occasionally provide examples, our
documentation is now based on a "guide" that provides a friendly
overview and examples, and then separate "references" that provide
the details (typically in a more terse, precise style).
- Pairs created with `cons', `list', `map', etc. are immutable. A
separate datatype, "mpair", implements mutable pairs, with the
operations `mcons', `mcar', `mcdr', `set-mcar!', and `set-mcdr!'.
The identifiers `set-car!' and `set-cdr!' are not bound.
See "Immutable and Mutable Pairs" below for more information.
- The `mzscheme' command-line syntax has changed. Most notably, if no
flags are provided:
* The first argument, if any, is prefixed with the `-u' flag.
* If there are no arguments, `-i' is added to start the
interactive REPL.
See "MzScheme Command Line and Initialization" below for more
information.
- A plain identifier as a module reference now refers to a library
collection, instead of an interactively declared module. For
example,
(require net/url)
is equivalent to the old form
(require (lib "url.ss" "net"))
See "Module Paths" below for more information.
- The `mzscheme' module is no longer the preferred base language for
PLT Scheme code. The following are the most common languages:
* `scheme/base' is the most like `mzscheme' in scale and scope,
but with some improved syntax and a more consistent set of
precedures. For example, the `lambda' of `scheme/base' supports
optional and keyword arguments, and `define-struct' is much
more flexible than before. See "scheme/base" below for more
information.
* `scheme' builds on `scheme/base', and it is analogous to the
old "Pretty Big" language. The `scheme' language is the default
language for using the `mzscheme' REPL.
* `scheme/gui' builds on `scheme', adding the MrEd GUI classes
and functions.
Library code should generally start with `scheme/base', which is a
`mzscheme'-like compromise in terms of size (i.e., code size and
likelihood of name collisions) and convenience (i.e., the most
commonly used bindings are available). The `scheme' choice is
appropriate for programs where the additional functionality of
`scheme' is likely to be needed or loaded, anyway.
- The `#lang' shorthand for `module' is now preferred for a module
declaration in a file. In "my-library.ss", instead of
(module my-library scheme/base
(define my-stuff ....)
....)
write
#lang scheme/base
(define my-stuff ....)
....
Note the absence of the parenthesis wrapping the module content (it
is terminated by the end-of-file) and the absence of the redundant
identifier `my-library'.
- Bindings introduced by a module's language (i.e., its initial
import) can be shadowed by definitions and imports in the module
body.
- Under Unix, "~" is no longer automatically expanded to a user's
home directory. The `expand-user-path' function from `scheme/base'
explicitly expands the abbreviation (but this function should be
used carefully; library functions should typically allow "~" to be
a relative path).
- Literal vectors and boxes are immutable, as are vectors and boxes
produced by `syntax->datum'. Unlike vectors and boxes, immutable
hash tables are never equal to mutable hash tables (which is
related to support for functional updating of hash tables in
`scheme/base').
- Hash table printing is enabled by default, and vector-length
printing is disabled by default. Opaque structure instances no
longer print with a leading "struct:" between angle brackets, and
built-in procedures print with "procedure:" instead of
"primitive:".
- Graph input syntax, such as `#0=(1 . #0#)' is no longer allowed in
program syntax parsed by `read-syntax', though it is still allowed
for `read'. The `datum->syntax' function now raises an exception
when given a cyclic value, and non-cyclic graph structure (though
pairs, vectors, and boxes) is not preserved.
- Complex numbers with inexact-zero imaginary parts are no longer
considered real (or rational), and +inf.0, -inf.0, and +nan.0 are
no longer considered rational (or integers).
- In fully expanded code, `#%datum' expands to `quote'. Even when
using the `mzscheme' language, beware that `if' in fully expanded
code is the `if' of `scheme/base'. When using the `scheme/base'
language, beware that `lambda' and `#%app' expand to
`#%plain-lambda' and `#%plain-app' (which are also `lambda' and
`#%app' of the `mzscheme' language). The `require' and `provide'
forms expand to `#%require' and `#%provide'. Finally, beware that
`#%datum' in `scheme/base' is different than in `mzscheme' (because
the former disallows unquoted keywords as expressions).
- The naming convention for compiled files has changed to preserve
the original file suffix. For example, the bytecode version of
"x.ss" is now named "x_ss.zo". The "_loader" protocol for
native-code extensions is no longer supported.
- Windows console binary names are converted like Unix binary names:
downcased and " " replaced by "-".
- The `equal?' and hashing functions work on cyclic data, and a new
`prop:equal+hash' property allows customization of `equal?' for a
structure type.
- The contract library (in `scheme/contract') does not export object
or mixin contracts. Instead they are exported from
`scheme/class'. The libraries in the "mzlib" collection remain as
before.
- In a syntax pattern of the form `(a ... . b)', `b' is now allowed
to match an empty list.
- UTF-8 decoding for ports uses #\uFFFD instead of #\? as the
replacement character for bad encodings.
- Inside PLT Scheme: the `mzscheme' module is no longer built into
the exectable. When embedding PLT Scheme in a larger application,
use `mzc --c-mods' to convert a set of modules into embeddable C
code (as a static byte array containing bytecode).
======================================================================
Porting Advice
======================================================================
The best approach to moving to v4.0 depends on the kind of code that
you're working with.
Non-module Programs
-------------------
If the program is not in a module, then the best start is to put it
into one. The module system's job is to manage code across multiple
dialects of Scheme, so staying outside of the module system while
upgrading means that you're ignoring the main upgrade tool.
The module notation is much lighter than before, so putting old code
into a module may be as easy as adding `#lang scheme' to the beginning
of the file. If you want something closer to the old `mzscheme'
language, try `#lang mzscheme' instead. If you think of the program
as R5RS code, then try starting with `#lang r5rs'. Finally, if it's a
MrEd script, then `#lang scheme/gui' may be the best starting point.
If you have R5RS code that won't fit (or that you don't want) in a
module, then you still have the R5RS language in DrScheme, and you can
also run via the new `plt-r5rs' command-line executable.
Modules Using the `mzscheme' Language
-------------------------------------
If the program is (now) in a `mzscheme' module, then it might work
fine as-is. The bindings of the `mzscheme' module in v372 and v4.0 are
mostly the same, with two main caveats:
* Pairs are immutable in the new `mzscheme'.
Even though `cons' in `mzscheme' could be defined to produce
mutable pairs, many PLT libraries expect immutable pairs. Thus,
`cons' in `mzscheme' produces immutable pairs, because it seems to
be the best compromise between backward compatibility and
interoperability.
Indeed, our experience is that making the result of `cons'
immutable does not create many porting problems. Nevertheless, if
your code does use `set-car!' or `set-cdr!', and if converting to a
more functional style is difficult, then consider using `mcons' and
the `scheme/mpair' library.
* Keyword arguments via `mzlib/kw' are not compatible with the
keyword argument of `scheme/base'.
Most PLT libraries are now built on `scheme/base', which means that
keyword-consuming functions from those libraries are difficult to
use in `mzscheme' without explicitly importing and using `#%app'
from `scheme/base'. Fortunately, keyword arguments were
infrequently used in PLT libraries before v4.0.
If these sorts of problems start to give you trouble, or if the
relevant code is likely to be useful for a long time, then you're
probably better off upgrading from a `mzscheme' module to a
`scheme/base' or `scheme' module. Upgrading gives you the easiest
access to the PLT libraries (especially as keyword arguments become
more common).
Otherwise, even if you stick to `mzscheme', you can use some new
features, like the new syntax for module paths. That is, `(require
mzlib/pretty)' works just as well as `(require (lib "pretty.ss"))' to
access the pretty-printing library in a `mzscheme' module.
The "mzlib" collection has become the home of legacy libraries and
interfaces. For example, `mzlib/contract' mostly re-exports
`scheme/contract', but it also re-exports the class contracts of
`scheme/class' for compatibility with the old `(lib "contract.ss")'
interface.
Moving to `scheme' or `scheme/base'
-----------------------------------
If you decide to port to the native language of most PLT libraries,
then you need to pick either `scheme' or `scheme/base' as a
replacement for `mzscheme'. The `scheme' language is a lot bigger than
`scheme/base'. Use `scheme' for scripts or other places where you want
the convenience of many bindings. Use `scheme/base' when you're
implementing a library that you will distribute to others, in which
case a smaller footprint and less possibility for name collisions
matters more than convenience.
If you're moving code into a `scheme' or `scheme/base' module, you'll
usually have the change the following parts of your code:
* The `require' and `provide' syntax has changed:
- Use `(require (for-syntax ....))' instead of
`(require-for-syntax ....)'.
- Use `(only-in ....)' instead of `(only ....)'. Also, use
`(only-in .... [<old-id> <new-id>] ...)' instead of `(rename
.... [<new-id> <old-id>] ...)'. That is, use `only-in' instead
of `rename' and reverse the order of the names.
- Use `(all-from-out ....)' instead of `(all-from ....)', and use
`(except-out (all-from-out ....))' instead of `(all-from-except
....)'. That is, compose `except-out' and `all-from-out' to get
the old `all-from-except' combination.
* Beware that `scheme/base' and `scheme' automatically print non-void
results of top-level expressions. You may have to add an explicit
`(void ....)' around a side-effecting expression that returns a
non-void result.
* If you use `open-output-file', `call-with-output-file', etc. with a
mode like 'exists or 'replace, you'll have to add the #:exists
keyword before the mode (since it's now a keyword argument).
* Use plain `lambda' instead of `opt-lambda' or `lambda/kw', since
`lambda' supports optional and keyword arguments.
* Use `when' instead of one-armed `if' (which is no longer allowed).
* If you require libraries from the "mzlib" collection, convert to
the `scheme/...' variant --- if the function or syntactic form you
need is not already provided by `scheme'/base or `scheme'.
* Pairs are immutable, and the advice for handling mutation of pairs
is the same as in `mzscheme': try to convert to a more functional
style, and as a last resort fall back to `mcons' and the
`scheme/mpair' library.
* Beware of libraries that still use `mzlib/kw' for keyword
arguments. It's relatively easy to call such functions from
`scheme' or `scheme/base', though: just quote the keyword in the
function call.
======================================================================
Immutable and Mutable Pairs
======================================================================
Making pairs immutable helps prevent security and design holes that
result form unexpected mutation of lists; Schemers do not usually
think about lists as mutable, and they write code that fails in exotic
ways if a list is mutated concurrently. For similar reasons, immutable
lists work better with higher-order contracts.
Although this change may sound drastic, our experience to date is that
uses of mutable pairs are isolated and easy to convert to either
mpairs or functional style. The new `scheme/mpair' library provides
functions for processing mutable lists.
For compatibility, the `cons' exported by the `r5rs' language module is
an alias for `mcons', and the various list-consuming and -producing
functions expetced by `r5rs' also use mutable pairs. Even the `lambda'
form of `r5rs' converts rest arguments to mutable lists.
By default, mutable pairs print using curly braces instead of round
parentheses:
> (car (mcons 1 2))
car: expects argument of type <pair>; given {1 . 2}
The `print-mpair-curly-braces' parameter can be set to #f to disable
this convention.
The `r5rs/init' module sets `print-mpair-curly-braces' to #f, along
with setting various other reader and printer parameters. Thus,
mzscheme -l r5rs/init -i
starts an R5RS-friendly REPL.
======================================================================
MzScheme Command Line and Initialization
======================================================================
Many of the old `mzscheme' command-line arguments have been removed.
For example, the `-F' option to load multiple files is no longer
available.
Previous versions of `mzscheme' required the `-m' and/or `-v' flags to
suppress the version banner and interactive REPL. Now, the REPL must
be enabled explicitly using the `-i' flag --- except that `-i' is
implicit in the case that no command-line arguments are provided.
The placement of `-i' relative to other flags matters. For example,
mzscheme -l r5rs/init -i
starts a REPL with just R5RS, whereas
mzscheme -i -l r5rs/init
requires the R5RS bindings on top of all the bindings that are
normally available in the REPL.
More generally, starting with an `-l', `-t', or `-u' flag (which
requires a module) causes `mzscheme' to load only the specified
module, without first loading the default `scheme' module. Using
only a `-e', `-f', or `-r' flag (which evaluaes a top-level expression
or loads a file containing top-level expression), in contrast, causes
the `scheme' loadule to be loaded first to initialize the top-level
environment. The ".mzschemerc" start-up file is loaded only just
before starting a REPL, if any.
The default for initializing the top-level environment is the `scheme'
language module, instead of `mzscheme' or its close analogue
`scheme/base'. The `scheme' module is analogous to the old "Pretty
Big" language: in addition to the core forms, it supplies contracts,
the class system, the unit system, and the pretty printer. More
precisely, the default module is `scheme/init', which is like
`scheme', but installs the pretty printer and `help' form.
The initial top-level environment is completely empty. Command-line
flags like `-l' introduce bindings into the environment. Such bindings
are not yet introduced, however, during the evaluation of the module
body (for the module named by `-l'), which means that `eval' using the
default namespace will not work.
======================================================================
Module Paths
======================================================================
The module identified as `mzscheme' is no longer specially built
in. Instead, plain identifiers used as module paths are now converted
to an equivalent `lib' form. For example, `mzscheme' as a module
reference is the same as `(lib "mzscheme")', and `scheme/base' is the
same as `(lib "scheme/base").
New conventions on `lib' paths apply when the specified path
has no file suffix:
* If `lib' contains a single path element with no file suffix, then
the element is treated as a collection name, and "main.ss" is the
library. Consequently, `mzscheme', `(lib "mzscheme")', and `(lib
"mzscheme/main.ss")' are all equivalent.
* If `lib' contains a single string with multiple path elements
within the string and no file suffix, then a ".ss" suffix is added
automatically. So, `scheme/pretty', `(lib "scheme/pretty")', and
`(lib "scheme/pretty.ss")' are all equivalent.
* For backward compatibility, if `lib' contains a single string that
is a single path element with a file suffix, then "mzlib" is used
as the collection. So, `(lib "a-unit.ss")' is equivalent (as in
previous version) to `(lib "mzlib/a-unit.ss")'.
* Also for backward compatibility, when a `lib' form contains
multiple strings, they are parsed the old way. So, `(lib "url.ss"
"net")' is equivalent to `(lib "net/url.ss")' or just `net/url'.
Since a plain identifier is a `lib' shorthand, a special syntax is
needed to access an interactively declared module. In that case, you
must quote the name:
> (module m scheme/base ; = `(lib "scheme/base.ss")'
(provide x)
(define x 10))
> (module n scheme/base
(require 'm scheme/pretty)
(pretty-print x))
> (require 'n)
======================================================================
scheme/base
======================================================================
The `scheme/base' module is intended as a replacement for the
`mzscheme' module. It provides essentially the same functionality, but
with some syntactic and name changes.
* The syntax of `require' and `provide' form is more composable, and
it is macro-extensible. For example, the `scheme' form
(provide (all-from-except scheme/base random))
is translated to `scheme/base' as
(provide (except-out (all-from-out scheme/base) random))
which composes the `except-out' and `all-form-out' sub-forms.
Since `require' and `provide' are macro-extensible, sub-forms like
`except-out' have transformer bindings. To help avoid conflicts,
sub-form bindings for `require' tend to end with `-in', and
sub-form bindings for `provide' tend to end with `-out'.
The `require-for-syntax', `require-for-template', etc. forms have
been replaced with `for-syntax', `for-template', and `for-label'
sub-forms that can be used within `require' or `provide'.
* The `lambda'/`define' and procedure-application forms support
keyword and optional procedure arguments. The declaration syntax is
an extension of `opt-lambda'. For example,
(define (f x [y 10] #:z z #:w [w 12]) ....)
defines a function that takes two required arguments: a normal
argument `x' and another argument with the keyword #:z. It also
accepts two optional argument: a normal argument `y' that defaults
to 10, and an argument with the #:w keyword that defaults to 12.
The following calls of `f' are all equivalent:
(f 1 #:z 11)
(f 1 10 #:z 11)
(f 1 10 #:z 11 #:w 12)
(f 1 #:w 12 #:z 11)
(f #:z 11 1)
(f #:z 11 1 10 #:w 12)
Note that keyword-based arguments can be provided in any order,
relative to each other and to non-keyword arguments. "Rest"
arguments, such as the `x' in `(lambda x 10)', do not capture
keyword-based arguments; keyword arguments are completely separate
from by-position arguments, and a separate "rest"-like facility is
provided for accepting all provided keyword arguments.
* Procedures such as `open-output-file' accept the file-mode
specification ('text or 'binary) and exists-handling option
('replace, 'error, etc.) via #:mode and #:exists keyword arguments.
* Keywords are not allowed as expressions; that is, a keyword is not
self-quoting. Keywords are still first-class values, however, and a
keyword expression can be quoted in the usual way:
#:a ; a syntax error
'#:a ; produces the keyword #:a
* The `define-struct' form creates immutable structures by default:
(define-struct posn (x y)) ; does not declare `set-posn-x!'
Specify the #:mutable optional for either the entire structure type
or an individual field:
(define-struct posn (x y)
#:mutable) ; => `set-posn-x!' and `set-posn-x!'
(define-struct posn ([x #:mutable] y) ; => just `set-posn-x!'
Use the #:inspector option to specify an inspector, such as
specifying #f to make the structure type tranparent:
(define-struct posn (x y) #:inspector #f)
Other keyword options such as #:property and #:procedure enable
`define-struct' to reflect all of the funtionality of the
underlying `make-struct-type' function.
* One-armed `if' is prohibited; use `when', instead.
* Empty applications, (), are disallowed, instead of producing '().
* Some popular procedures formerly in libraries have been moved into
`scheme/base', including `filter', `remq', and `regexp-split'.
* The result of each expression at the module level is automatically
printed using `(current-print)'.
* Hash-table function names have changed:
make-hash-table => make-hasheq make-weak-hasheq
make-hash make-weak-hash
hash-table? => hash? hash-eq? hash-weak?
hash-table-get => hash-ref
hash-table-put! => hash-set!
hash-table-remove! => hash-remove!
hash-table-count => hash-count
hash-table-map => hash-map
.... ....
IMPORTANT: The correct translation of `(make-hash-table)' is
`(make-hasheq)', not `(make-hash)'. Instead, `(make-hash)'
is equivalent to `(make-hash-table 'equal)'.
The new functions `hash-set' and `hash-remove' support
constant-time functional update of immutable hash tables.
* The identifiers `else', `=>', `_', and `...' are bound (as syntax
that cannot be used as an expression). The `else' and `=>' bindings
are used by `cond' and `case', while `_' and `...' are for syntax
patterns and templates.
* For syntax patterns in `syntax-case', `syntax-rules', and
elsewhere, `_' is a wildcard pattern (matches anything) instead of
a pattern variable.
* The initial transformer environment includes only `syntax-rules',
`syntax-id-rules', `_', and `...'. Use
(require (for-syntax scheme/base))
to get `syntax-case' into the transformer environment.
* A few syntax-related procedure names are different:
syntax-object->datum -> syntax->datum
datum->syntax-object -> datum->syntax
module-identifier=? -> free-identifier=?
module-transformer-identifier=? -> free-transformer-identifier=?
module-template-identifier=? -> free-template-identifier=?
module-label-identifier=? -> free-label-identifier=?
* Instead of `make-namespace': `make-empty-namespace' always creates
an empty namespace; `make-empty-base-namespace' creates a namespace
to which `scheme/base' is attached, but not required into the
top-level environment; `make-base-namespace' function creates a
namespace where `scheme/base' is `require'd into the top-level
environment. See also `define-namespace-anchor'.