Introduction

In this tutorial you will learn how to use opencv_dnn module for image classification by using GoogLeNet trained network from Caffe model zoo.

We will demonstrate results of this example on the following picture.

Source Code

We will be using snippets from the example application, that can be downloaded here.

#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
 
#include <opencv2/dnn.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
 
#include "common.hpp"
 
std::string keys =
    "{ help  h          | | Print help message. }"
    "{ @alias           | | An alias name of model to extract preprocessing parameters from models.yml file. }"
    "{ zoo              | models.yml | An optional path to file with preprocessing parameters }"
    "{ input i          | | Path to input image or video file. Skip this argument to capture frames from a camera.}"
    "{ initial_width    | 0 | Preprocess input image by initial resizing to a specific width.}"
    "{ initial_height   | 0 | Preprocess input image by initial resizing to a specific height.}"
    "{ std              | 0.0 0.0 0.0 | Preprocess input image by dividing on a standard deviation.}"
    "{ crop             | false | Preprocess input image by center cropping.}"
    "{ framework f      | | Optional name of an origin framework of the model. Detect it automatically if it does not set. }"
    "{ needSoftmax      | false | Use Softmax to post-process the output of the net.}"
    "{ classes          | | Optional path to a text file with names of classes. }"
    "{ backend          | 0 | Choose one of computation backends: "
                            "0: automatically (by default), "
                            "1: Halide language (http://halide-lang.org/), "
                            "2: Intel's Deep Learning Inference Engine (https://software.intel.com/openvino-toolkit), "
                            "3: OpenCV implementation, "
                            "4: VKCOM, "
                            "5: CUDA, "
                            "6: WebNN }"
    "{ target           | 0 | Choose one of target computation devices: "
                            "0: CPU target (by default), "
                            "1: OpenCL, "
                            "2: OpenCL fp16 (half-float precision), "
                            "3: VPU, "
                            "4: Vulkan, "
                            "6: CUDA, "
                            "7: CUDA fp16 (half-float preprocess) }";
 
using namespace cv;
using namespace dnn;
 
std::vector<std::string> classes;
 
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    CommandLineParser parser(argc, argv, keys);
 
    const std::string modelName = parser.get<String>("@alias");
    const std::string zooFile = parser.get<String>("zoo");
 
    keys += genPreprocArguments(modelName, zooFile);
 
    parser = CommandLineParser(argc, argv, keys);
    parser.about("Use this script to run classification deep learning networks using OpenCV.");
    if (argc == 1 || parser.has("help"))
    {
        parser.printMessage();
        return 0;
    }
 
    int rszWidth = parser.get<int>("initial_width");
    int rszHeight = parser.get<int>("initial_height");
    float scale = parser.get<float>("scale");
    Scalar mean = parser.get<Scalar>("mean");
    Scalar std = parser.get<Scalar>("std");
    bool swapRB = parser.get<bool>("rgb");
    bool crop = parser.get<bool>("crop");
    int inpWidth = parser.get<int>("width");
    int inpHeight = parser.get<int>("height");
    String model = findFile(parser.get<String>("model"));
    String config = findFile(parser.get<String>("config"));
    String framework = parser.get<String>("framework");
    int backendId = parser.get<int>("backend");
    int targetId = parser.get<int>("target");
    bool needSoftmax = parser.get<bool>("needSoftmax");
    std::cout<<"mean: "<<mean<<std::endl;
    std::cout<<"std: "<<std<<std::endl;
 
    // Open file with classes names.
    if (parser.has("classes"))
    {
        std::string file = parser.get<String>("classes");
        std::ifstream ifs(file.c_str());
        if (!ifs.is_open())
            CV_Error(Error::StsError, "File " + file + " not found");
        std::string line;
        while (std::getline(ifs, line))
        {
            classes.push_back(line);
        }
    }
 
    if (!parser.check())
    {
        parser.printErrors();
        return 1;
    }
    CV_Assert(!model.empty());
 
    Net net = readNet(model, config, framework);
    net.setPreferableBackend(backendId);
    net.setPreferableTarget(targetId);
 
    // Create a window
    static const std::string kWinName = "Deep learning image classification in OpenCV";
    namedWindow(kWinName, WINDOW_NORMAL);
 
    VideoCapture cap;
    if (parser.has("input"))
        cap.open(parser.get<String>("input"));
    else
        cap.open(0);
 
    // Process frames.
    Mat frame, blob;
    while (waitKey(1) < 0)
    {
        cap >> frame;
        if (frame.empty())
        {
            waitKey();
            break;
        }
 
        if (rszWidth != 0 && rszHeight != 0)
        {
            resize(frame, frame, Size(rszWidth, rszHeight));
        }
 
        blobFromImage(frame, blob, scale, Size(inpWidth, inpHeight), mean, swapRB, crop);
 
        // Check std values.
        if (std.val[0] != 0.0 && std.val[1] != 0.0 && std.val[2] != 0.0)
        {
            // Divide blob by std.
            divide(blob, std, blob);
        }
 
        net.setInput(blob);
        // double t_sum = 0.0;
        // double t;
        int classId;
        double confidence;
        cv::TickMeter timeRecorder;
        timeRecorder.reset();
        Mat prob = net.forward();
        double t1;
        timeRecorder.start();
        prob = net.forward();
        timeRecorder.stop();
        t1 = timeRecorder.getTimeMilli();
 
        timeRecorder.reset();
        for(int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
            timeRecorder.start();
            prob = net.forward();
            timeRecorder.stop();
 
            Point classIdPoint;
            minMaxLoc(prob.reshape(1, 1), 0, &confidence, 0, &classIdPoint);
            classId = classIdPoint.x;
 
            // Put efficiency information.
            // std::vector<double> layersTimes;
            // double freq = getTickFrequency() / 1000;
            // t = net.getPerfProfile(layersTimes) / freq;
            // t_sum += t;
        }
        if (needSoftmax == true)
        {
            float maxProb = 0.0;
            float sum = 0.0;
            Mat softmaxProb;
 
            maxProb = *std::max_element(prob.begin<float>(), prob.end<float>());
            cv::exp(prob-maxProb, softmaxProb);
            sum = (float)cv::sum(softmaxProb)[0];
            softmaxProb /= sum;
            Point classIdPoint;
            minMaxLoc(softmaxProb.reshape(1, 1), 0, &confidence, 0, &classIdPoint);
            classId = classIdPoint.x;
        }
        std::string label = format("Inference time of 1 round: %.2f ms", t1);
        std::string label2 = format("Average time of 200 rounds: %.2f ms", timeRecorder.getTimeMilli()/200);
        putText(frame, label, Point(0, 15), FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, Scalar(0, 255, 0));
        putText(frame, label2, Point(0, 35), FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, Scalar(0, 255, 0));
 
        // Print predicted class.
        label = format("%s: %.4f", (classes.empty() ? format("Class #%d", classId).c_str() :
                                                      classes[classId].c_str()),
                                   confidence);
        putText(frame, label, Point(0, 55), FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, Scalar(0, 255, 0));
 
        imshow(kWinName, frame);
    }
    return 0;
}

Explanation

Firstly, download GoogLeNet model files: bvlc_googlenet.prototxt and bvlc_googlenet.caffemodel

Also you need file with names of ILSVRC2012 classes: classification_classes_ILSVRC2012.txt.

Put these files into working dir of this program example.
Read and initialize network using path to .prototxt and .caffemodel files
Net net = readNet(model, config, framework);

net.setPreferableBackend(backendId);

net.setPreferableTarget(targetId);

You can skip an argument framework if one of the files model or config has an extension .caffemodel or .prototxt. This way function cv::dnn::readNet can automatically detects a model's format.
Read input image and convert to the blob, acceptable by GoogleNet
VideoCapture cap;

if (parser.has("input"))

cap.open(parser.get<String>("input"));

else

cap.open(0);

cv::VideoCapture can load both images and videos.

blobFromImage(frame, blob, scale, Size(inpWidth, inpHeight), mean, swapRB, crop);

// Check std values.

if (std.val[0] != 0.0 && std.val[1] != 0.0 && std.val[2] != 0.0)

{

// Divide blob by std.

divide(blob, std, blob);

}

We convert the image to a 4-dimensional blob (so-called batch) with 1x3x224x224 shape after applying necessary pre-processing like resizing and mean subtraction (-104, -117, -123) for each blue, green and red channels correspondingly using cv::dnn::blobFromImage function.
Pass the blob to the network
net.setInput(blob);
Make forward pass
// double t_sum = 0.0;

// double t;

int classId;

double confidence;

cv::TickMeter timeRecorder;

timeRecorder.reset();

Mat prob = net.forward();

double t1;

timeRecorder.start();

prob = net.forward();

timeRecorder.stop();

t1 = timeRecorder.getTimeMilli();

timeRecorder.reset();

for(int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {

During the forward pass output of each network layer is computed, but in this example we need output from the last layer only.
Determine the best class
Point classIdPoint;

minMaxLoc(prob.reshape(1, 1), 0, &confidence, 0, &classIdPoint);

classId = classIdPoint.x;

We put the output of network, which contain probabilities for each of 1000 ILSVRC2012 image classes, to the prob blob. And find the index of element with maximal value in this one. This index corresponds to the class of the image.
Run an example from command line
./example_dnn_classification --model=bvlc_googlenet.caffemodel --config=bvlc_googlenet.prototxt --width=224 --height=224 --classes=classification_classes_ILSVRC2012.txt --input=space_shuttle.jpg --mean="104 117 123"

For our image we get prediction of class space shuttle with more than 99% sureness.


Original author	Vitaliy Lyudvichenko
Compatibility	OpenCV >= 3.3

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Source Code

Explanation